Exploring Open Source Association Management Software


Intro
In an era where technology intersects with organizational needs, open source association management software emerges as a crucial solution for many organizations. These tools address the myriad requirements of managing member relations, event planning, and resource distribution while remaining customizable and cost-effective. As nonprofits and institutions seek to maximize their operational efficiency, the transition to open source software presents both challenges and opportunities.
This guide aims to dissect the landscape of open source association management software, shedding light on its significance for various entities. By exploring key features, pricing structures, and notable options available in the market, decision-makers can better navigate their choices, ensuring alignment with their organizational goals.
Key Features
Open source software solutions provide a range of capabilities tailored to the needs of organizations. Understanding these features is essential for an informed selection process.
Overview of Features
Common features often found in open source association management software include:
- Member Management: Tools to streamline member data storage, renewals, and communications.
- Event Management: Functions to plan events, track registrations, and manage attendance.
- Financial Management: Capabilities for budgeting, invoicing, and payment processing.
- Reporting and Analytics: Tools to generate insights from member data and event successes.
- Customization Options: Flexibility to develop unique functionalities tailored to specific organizational needs.
Unique Selling Points
The unique aspects of open source software often draw organizations toward these solutions. Some of the distinct advantages include:
- Cost Efficiency: Many solutions are available at little to no licensing cost.
- Community Support: Users benefit from shared knowledge, resources, and updates from a vibrant user community.
- Customization: Organizations can alter software to fit their needs without relying on a vendor.
- Transparency: Code is accessible for review, ensuring security and trustworthiness.
"Open source software fosters a collaborative environment that enhances both innovation and effectiveness."
Pricing Structure
Understanding the pricing models for open source association management software is critical in assessing its overall value.
Tiered Pricing Plans
While open source options typically feature no upfront costs, many providers offer tiered pricing for add-ons or premium support. These plans often look like this:
- Basic Plan: Limited functionality suitable for smaller organizations.
- Standard Plan: Additional features and support for medium-sized associations.
- Premium Plan: Comprehensive features and dedicated support for large institutions.
Features by Plan
Each pricing tier usually includes a distinct set of features. For instance, one might find:
- Basic Plan Features: Basic membership tracking and event creation tools.
- Standard Plan Features: Enhanced reporting and financial tools.
- Premium Plan Features: Advanced analytics, additional integrations, and personalized training sessions.
Deciding on the right plan involves weighing the features against budget constraints and organizational needs. Evaluating each aspect holistically ensures a smart investment in association management software.
Understanding Open Source Software
In today's technology landscape, understanding open source software is essential, particularly for organizations looking to leverage association management tools. Open source solutions are characterized by their publicly available source code, allowing users to modify and distribute the software according to their needs. This openness promotes a collaborative development environment which drives innovation and transparency. The concept of open source plays a significant role in how associations manage their operations, ensuring flexibility and adaptability in their software solutions.
Definition and Characteristics
Open source software refers to programs for which the source code is freely available. Users can inspect, modify, and enhance the software while adhering to the licensing agreements. Key characteristics of open source include:
- Transparency: Users can view the underlying code, enabling them to understand how the software operates.
- Community Collaboration: Contributions from developers worldwide improve software functionality and security over time.
- Customization: Organizations can tailor software to meet specific needs without waiting for vendor updates.
The collaborative nature of open source fosters a diverse range of applications suitable for various user requirements.
Benefits of Open Source Solutions
There are multiple advantages associated with adopting open source solutions for association management. Some notable benefits include:
- Cost-Effectiveness: Free access to the software reduces procurement costs, making it easier for nonprofits and smaller organizations to obtain tools that might otherwise be too expensive.
- Flexibility and Control: Users have the liberty to modify the software as per their unique operational requirements.
- Security: Open-source platforms often receive community scrutiny. This can lead to quicker identification and resolution of vulnerabilities compared to proprietary software.
- No Vendor Lock-In: Organizations are not tied to a single vendor, allowing greater freedom and autonomy.
These benefits often entice associations to consider open source management software as a viable option for operational efficiency and effectiveness.
Common Misconceptions
Despite its growth and popularity, several misconceptions about open source software persist. Some of these include:
- Lack of Support: It is a common belief that open source software lacks adequate support. In reality, many projects have robust community forums and dedicated support options, including paid services.
- Inferior Quality: Some associate open source with lower quality compared to proprietary software. However, many open source products achieve high standards through community input and continuous improvement.
- Complexity: Another misconception is that open source solutions require extensive technical expertise to implement and maintain. While some solutions may have a learning curve, many user-friendly options exist that cater to a non-technical audience.
Addressing these misconceptions is vital for organizations assessing the viability of open source software in their operations.
What is Association Management Software?
Association Management Software (AMS) plays a crucial role for organizations, especially those in the nonprofit sector. This software streamlines various tasks and processes that associations or membership-based organizations deal with on a day-to-day basis. It integrates key functionalities that enable these organizations to manage their members effectively, handle communications, and track engagements seamlessly. Understanding what AMS is and how it operates is fundamental for decision-makers seeking to enhance their operational efficiency.


Purpose and Importance
The primary purpose of Association Management Software is to facilitate effective organization management. It serves as a centralized platform where associations can cultivate relationships with their members, manage events, handle memberships, and track finances. Some essential aspects of AMS include:
- Simplifying member communication through email notices and newsletters.
- Automating membership renewals and event registrations to save time and reduce errors.
- Delivering insights and analytics on member engagement to help guide future strategies.
In today's landscape, where organizations compete for member attention, AMS is more important than ever. Organizations that implement AMS see increased engagement levels due to its capabilities in personalizing member experiences. For example, customized content based on member preferences helps forge deeper connections and can boost retention rates. Thus, AMS is not just an operational tool but also a strategic asset.
Key Features of Association Management Software
The effectiveness of AMS lies in its diverse features tailored to meet association needs. Here are some vital features to look for:
- Membership Database: A comprehensive database that allows for easy tracking of member information, statistics, and membership history.
- Event Management: Tools to create, manage, and track events. This feature assists organizations in planning their calendars with detailed reports on attendance and engagement.
- Financial Management: Integrated payment and accounting systems for tracking dues, donations, and other financial obligations efficiently.
- Communication Tools: Features that enable email marketing, newsletters, and member updates help maintain connection and enhance member engagement.
- Reporting and Analytics: The ability to generate reports and analytics on various activities such as membership growth and event success.
These features integrate seamlessly, enabling organizations to work more efficiently. By focusing on the right functionalities, organizations can utilize AMS to support their mission while enhancing operational effectiveness.
The Convergence of Open Source and Association Management
Open source software holds considerable potential for association management. Its principles align well with the operational needs of many organizations, which is significant. Associations often seek software solutions that offer flexibility, affordability, and community-driven support. The convergence of open source and association management software brings these attributes into a cohesive framework, allowing organizations to harness the benefits of both avenues.
Integration of Principles
One of the primary principles of open source is transparency. This core value allows users to see the underlying code, making scrutinizing potential vulnerabilities easier. For associations, this characteristic is vital as it fosters trust. Nonprofits or member-based organizations can assess how the software manages their data, ensuring compliance with relevant regulations and ethical standards.
Another critical element is community collaboration. Open source software thrives on the contributions of a diverse user base. Associations benefit from collective wisdom when generating enhancements or features that align with their specific needs. This collaboration can lead to quicker issue resolution and innovative solutions that might not emerge in proprietary software.
Moreover, the cost advantage of open source cannot be overstated. Associations often operate with limited budgets. By utilizing open source association management systems, they can allocate funds toward initiatives that enhance member engagement, rather than spend excessively on licensing fees.
How Open Source Meets Association Needs
Open source association management software provides distinct advantages that directly respond to organizational requirements. For instance, the adaptability of such software allows associations to customize it according to their unique features. This flexibility is crucial, as one size does not fit all in the nonprofit sector.
Another benefit is the scalability of open source solutions. As organizations grow or their needs evolve, they can adapt the software accordingly without incurring significant costs. This adaptability extends beyond features to integrate other tools and services that associations may wish to adopt over time.
Key functionalities that align with association needs include member management, event registration, and communication tools. For example, software like CiviCRM or Wild Apricot enables organizations to manage interactions efficiently and keep their members engaged. Additionally, the ability to leverage data analytics is essential. Open source solutions often allow deeper data insights, helping associations refine their outreach strategies and improve member services.
In summary, the convergence of open source software and association management is a promising prospect. It fosters a collaborative environment built on transparency while delivering features that are cost-effective and customizable. Associations can not only meet their operational needs but can also enhance their ability to engage their members effectively.
Evaluating Open Source Association Management Software
Evaluating open source association management software is critical for organizations aiming to enhance their operations and member engagement. The choice of software can directly impact efficiency, collaboration, and communication processes. Understanding how to assess the options available becomes key for decision-makers in nonprofits and professional associations. This section guides the readers through fundamental considerations that ensure they select software that aligns with their specific needs.
Criteria for Selection
When choosing open source association management software, it is vital to identify criteria that address both immediate needs and future growth. Some of the primary criteria include:
- Functionality: Ensure the software offers essential features like membership management, event planning, and communication tools. It should meet the baseline requirements of your organization.
- Cost: Although open source implies no licensing fees, there are costs associated with implementation, support, and customization. Budget accordingly and explore potential expenses that may arise.
- Community and Support: Look for a robust community that provides support and documentation. Active communities can be helpful in troubleshooting and enhancing the software through shared expertise.
- Ease of Use: User-friendliness plays a significant role in adoption. Choose software that is intuitive for both staff and members to engage with without steep learning curves.
- Flexibility and Customization: Open source software often allows for modifications to fit unique institutional requirements. Assess whether the chosen solution enables customization while maintaining overall integrity.
Incorporating these criteria into the selection process helps to filter options and identify software that best meets organizational objectives.
Assessing Usability and Scalability
After narrowing down options, assessing usability and scalability is essential. These factors determine how well the software will function as your organization evolves.
Usability involves evaluating how easily staff and members can navigate and utilize the software. A useful approach is to conduct testing with actual users. Gather feedback during trials to identify pain points and usability barriers. Key considerations when assessing usability include:
- Intuitive Design: The interface should be easy to navigate, minimizing the time required for users to adapt.
- Training Resources: Availability of manuals, tutorials, and training sessions ensures that users can learn how to leverage the software effectively.
Scalability refers to the software's ability to accommodate growth without significant changes or disruptions. As organizations grow, so do the demands on their management systems. Here are factors to consider for scalability:
- Modular Design: Software that offers additional modules can allow organizations to add features as needed without overhauling the entire system.
- Performance: Metrics like response times and the ability to handle increased data loads are important when evaluating the scalability of an association management solution.
In summary, evaluating usability and scalability enhances the likelihood of long-term satisfaction with the software. It allows organizations to adapt to future needs without frequent system changes or migrations.
Notable Open Source Association Management Solutions
The role of open source association management solutions is increasingly vital in a diverse range of organizations. As technology modernizes, the demand for effective tools that streamline operations while minimizing costs grows stronger. Open source solutions provide this opportunity by offering flexibility and customization. Many organizations, particularly nonprofits and associations, look for software that is not just functional, but also adaptable to their specific needs.
Selecting the right association management software impacts efficiency, member engagement, and overall mission effectiveness. The following solutions present notable options in the open source category. They are recognized for their distinctive advantages, user-centric features, and community-driven development.
CiviCRM
Overview


CiviCRM stands out due to its open and extensible architecture tailored for membership organizations. It is specifically designed to support nonprofits, NGOs, and civic sectors. One key characteristic of CiviCRM is its strong community support, which enhances its robustness. Users benefit from continuous improvements and extensive documentation. This softwareβs ability to integrate seamlessly with existing tools makes it a popular choice among organizations looking to enhance their operations. The unique feature of CiviCRM is its comprehensive contact management capabilities, allowing organizations to maintain detailed and organized member records. However, some might find its learning curve slightly steep during initial setup.
Core Features
CiviCRM encompasses a broad array of core features essential for association management. These include membership tracking, event management, and contributions management. A significant characteristic is its ability to build custom fields, allowing greater personalization for diverse organizational needs. This flexibility is beneficial for tailoring the software to unique workflows. On the other hand, while CiviCRM's adaptability is advantageous, it may lead to over-complexification if not managed properly.
User Experience
User experience with CiviCRM is generally positive, focusing on usability and accessibility. The dashboard interface is clear, making navigation intuitive for users. A notable strength is the variety of available tutorials and community forums, which assist users in troubleshooting and optimizing their use of the software. However, as a potential drawback, some users report occasional bugs that can slightly hinder their experience, especially in customized installations.
Wild Apricot
Overview
Wild Apricot is a cloud-based solution aimed at small to medium-sized organizations. It brings to the table an easy-to-use interface, making it approachable for tech-savvy and non-tech savvy users alike. Wild Apricot's key characteristic is its all-in-one membership management features. Its ease of use continues to make it a popular choice among amateur managers. A unique feature is its integrated website builder which offers customizable templates for organizations without dedicated web development expertise. However, while it appeals to many, some advanced users might find its simplicity limiting.
Core Features
The core features of Wild Apricot are comprehensive, including member database management, event registration, and online payments. A key highlight is its automated billing and renewal notifications, which take the burden off administrative tasks. This automation is beneficial for organizations seeking to streamline their operations. However, some users might miss advanced customization options that other solutions offer.
User Experience
User experience with Wild Apricot is regularly praised for its simplicity and effective support options. The design is modern and user-friendly, which attracts many organizations that prefer a clean interface. A unique advantage is the availability of various support options like chat and email. Nevertheless, issues can arise in the form of transaction fees for processing payments through the platform, which could affect an organizationβs operating budget.
Salsa Labs
Overview
Salsa Labs is particularly known for its focus on grassroots organizations and advocacy groups. Its open communication channels foster community-building, which is crucial for membership organizations. A primary characteristic of Salsa Labs is its robust data analytics capabilities, which help organizations measure impact. This advantage helps organizations make informed decisions based on real-time data. However, the unique features of Salsa Labs can sometimes be overwhelming to new users due to the depth of options available.
Core Features
Key features of Salsa Labs include email campaigns, fundraising tools, and event management tools. A prominent aspect is its segmentation capabilities, allowing organizations to tailor messages to specific groups of members based on their interests. This feature enhances engagement and drives participation. However, while these capabilities are useful, the complexity can lead to a steep learning curve for users.
User Experience
User experience with Salsa Labs is mixed. While the first impressions of its functionality are generally strong, users may experience difficulties related to system updates or minor bugs. The platform offers a variety of tutorials and support resources, which contribute positively to learning. Despite occasional hiccups, for many organizations, the advantages of comprehensive support and community engagement outweigh these limitations.
By examining these solutions, decision-makers can gain insights into what differentiates each software. Understanding unique features and considerations informs strategic decisions and contributes to successful adoption of association management tools.
Implementing Open Source Association Management Software
Implementing open source association management software is a critical step for organizations seeking efficiency and flexibility in managing their operations. The process of implementation involves several factors that can significantly influence the software's effectiveness. Understanding these elements is important for ensuring that the software not only meets the functional needs of the organization but also provides a solid foundation for future growth.
One key benefit of implementing open source solutions is the potential for customization. Unlike proprietary software, open source options allow organizations to tailor features and functionalities according to their specific requirements. This flexibility is particularly useful as organizations evolve and their needs change. However, successful implementation still requires thorough planning.
Planning for Implementation
Planning is the cornerstone of a successful software implementation. It involves not just technical preparations but also strategic considerations. Here are several important steps to be taken during this phase:
- Assessing Organizational Needs: Identify the specific requirements of your organization. This step may involve gathering input from various departments to understand their collective needs.
- Setting Clear Objectives: Clearly define what you hope to achieve with the new software. Objectives should be measurable and realistic. This helps in tracking success post-implementation.
- Choosing the Right Software: Based on your needs, evaluate different open source options, weighing their strengths and weaknesses. Consider factors like community support, documentation, and user experience.
- Creating a Timeline: Establish a timeline for the implementation process. Include milestones for different phases, such as testing and user training. This keeps the team accountable and focused on deadlines.
- Budgeting: Review the financial aspects associated with the implementation. While open source is often cost-effective, there may still be expenses related to hosting, customization, or training.
Planning effectively sets the stage for a smoother implementation process.
Training and Support Considerations
Training and support are essential for the successful adoption of open source association management software. Employees must feel comfortable using the new system to reap its benefits fully. Here are some considerations for effective training and support:
- Comprehensive Training Programs: Design training sessions that cater to different user levels: from tech-savvy users to those less familiar with the technology. This ensures everyone can use the software effectively.
- Resource Accessibility: Make sure documentation, guides, and tutorials are readily available. These resources should be clear and user-friendly to facilitate self-learning.
- Continuous Support: Establish a support framework that offers help post-implementation. This may include a dedicated support team or community forums where users can ask questions and share experiences.
- Feedback Mechanism: Allow users to provide feedback on their training experience and any challenges they encounter. This input is valuable for making necessary adjustments and improvements.
"The transition to new software is more than just a technical change; it requires a cultural shift within the organization."
The implementation of open source association management software is not just a technical exercise. It involves a holistic approach integrating planning, training, and ongoing support. By focusing on these areas, organizations can harness the full potential of their selected software and drive long-term success.
Challenges in Using Open Source Association Management Software
In the pursuit of adopting open source association management software, organizations face several challenges that can impact their operations and overall effectiveness. Understanding these challenges is essential for making informed decisions. Although open source solutions offer numerous benefits, the hurdles can be significant, particularly for organizations without extensive technical resources or experience.
Technical Limitations
Open source association management software often comes with certain technical limitations. While the source code is available for modification, not all organizations have the skillsets required to customize or troubleshoot issues effectively. This can lead to complications in integrating features that are crucial for specific organizational needs. Some common technical issues include:
- Complex Installation Processes: Unlike proprietary software, which typically has streamlined installation procedures, open source software may require manual configuration. This can be daunting for users who are not technologically inclined.
- Compatibility Issues: Open source solutions may have limited compatibility with existing systems or third-party applications, creating roadblocks in data sharing and collaboration.
- Variable Performance: The performance of open source software can vary greatly depending on the underlying code and the communityβs active contributions. Users may face software bugs or slow response times without robust testing and updates.


For these reasons, organizations must consider their internal capabilities and willingness to invest in technical support when choosing an open source solution.
Community Support and Updates
Community support plays a vital role in the effectiveness of open source software. While active communities can provide valuable assistance, their support often lacks the structure and reliability found in commercial software. Key factors include:
- Inconsistent Update Cycles: Open source projects may not have regular updates, especially if they are reliant on volunteer contributions. This inconsistency can leave users vulnerable to security risks or missing the latest features.
- Quality of Community Assistance: The help available in forums, GitHub repositories, or other platforms may vary widely in quality. Users may find responses to their queries take longer than expected, or they may receive solutions that are not sufficiently comprehensive.
- Dependency on Volunteer Efforts: The lifeblood of open source communities is their contributors. When these contributors lose interest or lack time, the software may stagnate, reducing its effectiveness and leaving organizations in a difficult position.
Therefore, it is critical for organizations to assess the level of community support surrounding a potential open source association management software. This includes examining update histories and community responsiveness to inquiries.
Understanding these challenges will empower decision-makers to strategize effectively and fully leverage the potential of open source software while mitigating risks.
In summary, while open source association management software has much to offer, the technical limitations and representation of community support can create barriers to effective implementation. Organizations need to weigh these challenges against their capabilities and requirements.
Case Studies: Successful Implementations
In the realm of open source association management software, case studies serve as valuable educational tools. They demonstrate the practical application of these solutions in real-world scenarios. By examining successful implementations, organizations can glean insights into best practices, obstacles faced, and the ultimate benefits of adopting such solutions. This section analyzes two prominent areas where open source association management tools have excelled: nonprofit organizations and professional associations.
Nonprofit Organizations
Nonprofit organizations have increasingly turned to open source association management software to streamline their operations. These software solutions provide essential tools tailored specifically for managing memberships, donations, and events. For example, CiviCRM has been widely embraced within the nonprofit sector. Its ability to integrate with websites and fundraising platforms enhances user engagement and operational efficiency.
The following are key benefits realized by nonprofits using open source management solutions:
- Cost-effective: Nonprofits often operate on tight budgets. Open source tools reduce software acquisition costs while still offering dynamic features.
- Customization: Organizations can modify the software to meet their unique requirements, maintaining alignment with their missions and goals.
- Community support: These tools often come with robust community forums and documentation, helping organizations troubleshoot issues quickly.
By evaluating case studies, nonprofits can identify specific functionalities that might benefit their operations, such as tracking donor engagement or analyzing membership demographics.
Professional Associations
Professional associations have similarly found value in open source association management software. These organizations frequently manage large member bases, conduct educational programs, and facilitate professional networking. Wild Apricot, for instance, has proven useful for many professional associations. Its features are particularly conducive to managing membership renewals, event registrations, and member communications.
Benefits for professional associations include:
- Scalability: As membership numbers grow, professional associations can expand their use of software without the need for a major financial investment in proprietary systems.
- Enhanced outreach: With effective management of member information, associations can tailor communications, ensuring that relevant content reaches the right audience.
- Integration capabilities: Open source solutions often allow for easier integration with various third-party applications, enhancing operational workflows.
The exploration of case studies offers vital insights into how professional associations can optimize their processes. It can also illuminate strategies for retention and engagement with members.
"Learning from the experiences of others can significantly reduce the learning curve and enhance the decision-making process in adopting technology."
By reviewing successful implementations in both nonprofit organizations and professional associations, stakeholders not only validate their technology choices but also become informed advocates for leveraging open source solutions.
Future Trends in Open Source Association Management Software
The world of open source association management software is evolving rapidly. Understanding these future trends is crucial for organizations planning to invest in or upgrade their systems. With not only the software's capabilities but also its alignment with organizational goals at stake, being aware of these trends can yield substantial benefits. They offer insights into how these tools are developing, which emerging technologies are shaping the sector, and how the adoption of these systems is projected to change over time.
Emerging Technologies
Several emerging technologies are poised to significantly influence open source association management software. Cloud computing continues to dominate, providing flexible, scalable solutions. Organizations can now access their data from anywhere, which is paramount during times of remote work. This opens the door for more collaborative opportunities among team members.
Moreover, artificial intelligence is starting to encompass various facets of these software. Automated personalization and data analytics emerge as key features. With AI, software can analyze user behavior, providing tailored experiences. This not only improves engagement but also helps in making informed decisions backed by data.
Blockchain technology is another exciting development. Its potential for enhancing transparency and security in transactions is profound. Organizations can track membership dues, donations, and votes securely and immutably, which builds trust within the community.
Adoption Rates and Predictive Outcomes
Understanding the adoption rates of open source association management software is vital. This sector is seeing growth as organizations recognize the benefits of flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and community support. Recent studies indicate that the number of organizations utilizing open source solutions is steadily rising each year.
Predictive outcomes point towards an increase in integration among various software platforms. As users demand more interoperability, the future software will increasingly blend functionalities across different tools. For example, integrating open-source CRM systems with marketing automation software could enable organizations to streamline their operations.
It is also worth noting that as organizations grow more accustomed to cloud-based systems, they are likely to adopt open source solutions faster. They will seek innovative tools that evolve with their needs. Additionally, organizations with limited budgets will find open source options appealing compared to expensive proprietary systems.
"The increasing awareness and demand for more transparent, customizable solutions are reshaping the adoption curve in this sector."
Finale
The conclusion serves as a crucial component of any analytical piece, especially in discussing open source association management software. It gives a chance to consolidate the insights gathered and emphasize their implications for the future. In this article, the conclusion synthesizes key elements about the effectiveness of open source solutions for association management, emphasizing their adaptability and community-driven nature.
Recap of Key Insights
Throughout this article, we explored the landscape of open source association management software. Some pivotal points include:
- Flexibility and Customization: Open source software offers the ability to tailor solutions according to organizational needs. This adaptability can lead to better workflows and increased efficiency.
- Cost Effectiveness: Many open source options reduce upfront costs associated with proprietary software, making them an appealing choice for budget-conscious organizations.
- Community Support: The active communities around many open source projects can provide user support and a wealth of resources for troubleshooting and enhancements.
- Security and Transparency: Organizations can benefit from the transparent codebase, which potentially leads to higher security standards through community scrutiny.
These insights underscore the significance of choosing the right association management software, tailored to specific organizational goals and challenges.
Final Thoughts on Open Source Solutions
In sum, open source association management software presents unique advantages for organizations aiming to optimize their operations. As technology continues to evolve, embracing such solutions is likely to enhance productivity and engagement. The decision-makers must remain vigilant to the specific needs of their organizations while recognizing the potential benefits of open source tools. Regular assessments and an informed approach to implementation can lead organizations to successfully harness the full potential of these resources. Choosing open source is not merely a technical decision, but a strategic one that can shape the management dynamics of associations for years to come.
"Open source is a philosophy, a revolution that can change the way organizations operate." - Unknown